Швейцарская школа

[IceLedy]

Э.Блейер,как известно яркий представитель швейцарской школы психиатрии.
В чем были особенности этой школы и какие выдающиеся личности ее представляли?

[Michaеl]

Первое что вспоминается, это Блейлер - Юнг - Роршах

[Квадрат Малевича]

еще П.Дюбуа оттуда.

[IceLedy]

Меня интересуют Якоб Клези и Макс Мюллер,последний как стало известно был основателем инсулиновых ком.

[Yosich]

Biography of Max Muller:
Friederich Max Muller, a German philologist & Orientalist was born on December 6, 1823 to a poet Wilhelm Muller. Earlier in his time, he was interested in music, however later in his life, his interest in Sanskrit, the ancient Indian language over powered his interest in music and so he started focusing completely on learning and mastering Sanskrit. Many of his works in Sanskrit linguistics are still used by students today. He had an immense interest in comparative religion, and he is believed to have literally created this discipline. He has published many scholarly works on this subject, the most popular of all being Sacred Books Of the East.


Some of his famous works:
His most famous work, the Sacred Books of the East mainly comprises of translations of ancient religious writings of the Asian continent. He has done numerous researches on Indian philosophy and religion and one of his works include the Rig Veda with commentary.


Some of his teachings were considered very controversial, especially those which showed the Christian faith in poor light. ”According to Monsignor Munro, the Roman Catholic bishop of St. Andrews Cathedral in Glasgow, the lectures were nothing less than 'a crusade against divine revelation, against Jesus Christ and Christianity’ The pantheism taught by Muller made 'divine revelation simply impossible, because it reduced God to mere nature, and did away with the body and soul as we know them. He added that Muller’s theory uprooted our idea of God, for it repudiated the idea of a personal God.” 1


1. Bosch, Lourens Peter van den, “Theosophy or Pantheism?
Friedrich Max Muller’s Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion”, HERE-NOW4U, [cited 2005 July 24],
Available from: http://www.here-now4u.de/eng/theosophy_or_pantheism_friedr.htm
He is also known for his Aryan Invasion theory, which talks about how India was invaded by the Aryans who were considered a nomadic Indo – European group from Central Asia in the 1500 B.C. Infact, Max Muller is believed to have coined the term “Aryan”. The validity of this theory has however been challenged.


His views on mythology:
According to Muller’s theory of origination of myths, he suggests that myths were originally created to try and symbolically explain the journey of the sun from the east to the west. He considered all gods and heroes in mythologies to be manifestations of nature, mainly the sun. He suggests that the birth of a hero is the dawn, his overcoming obstacles represents the sun at its highest point, noon. The hero’s decline and demise represents dusk or sunset. He believes that the purposes of many of these symbols were forgotten by the time the basic texts like Theogony and the Rig Veda appeared and people had started expressing faith in the divinities and heroes themselves, and started worshipping them. One of the examples he gives is that of the fact about the Greeks believing that the sun God Helios drove his flaming chariot, the sun across the sky everyday, thus giving more importance to the sun God Helios, than the natural phenomenon of Sun itself. According to Muller, most of these beliefs in divinities and heroes resulted from an earlier attempt to explain the journey of the sun from dawn to dusk.


One of Max Muller’s main contentions about myths is the fact that, he considers myths to be results of linguistics corruptions. According to him “what seems absurd in myth, he suggested, is the result of people forgetting or distorting the meanings of words, e.g., the phrase "sunrise follows the dawn," spoken in Greek could be interpreted as meaning Apollo pursues Daphne, the maiden of the Dawn.” 2 He advanced the theory that myths originated from metaphors describing natural phenomena.3


2. Unknown Author, “Older Interpretations of Myths (Folklore and Mythology)”, [cited 2005 July 24],
Available from: http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/M/mytholog-older-interpretations-of-myths.html
3. From Columbia University Press, ”Max Muller”, [cited 2005 July 24], Available from: http://www.answers.com/topic/max-m-ller
Though he doesn’t really challenge the existence of myths, he however doubts their interpretation and accuracy, which he believes to be riddled with carelessness and fallacy due to deterioration of many of the ancient languages.


References:


Unknown Author, “Max Muller – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”, Wikimedia, [cited 2005 July 24],
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_Muller


Unknown Author, “Bilbo’s World: Mythology an Introduction”, Delano High School, [cited 2005 July 24],
Available from: http://www.delanohighschool.org/BillBaugher/stories/storyReader$6


Swami Satyamayananda, “Modern Man, Mind and the Meaning of Mythology”, Sri Ramakrishna Math, [cited 2005 July 24],
Available from: http://www.sriramakrishnamath.org/magazine/vk/2002/12-3-12.asp


Unknown Author, “folklore (folklore and Mythology)”, AllRefer.com, [cited 2005 July 24],
Available from: http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/F/folklore.html

[Yosich]

К Цюрихской школе психиатрии помимо Блюлера и Юнга чаще всего также относят Риклина. ОСнователем же Зюрихской школы был Август Форель.

[IceLedy]

Спасибо, Yosich,познавательно , про лингвистические ньансы в мифологии особенно. Я только не поняла,что вы хотели сказать этими ссылками.
Сам М Мюллер и Я Клези публиковались только на немецком,поэтому так малоизвестны.

[Yosich]

Сказать я ничего не хотел. Вы сказали - что ищете информацию, вот я вам какую имел и предоставил. Если вас интересовали работы Мюллера - то я вам и предоставил его взгляды в одной из областей. Если вам нужна какя-то более конкретная информация - вы конкретно же и укажите.

[IceLedy]

Мюллер написал интересную автобиографическую книгу, там много любопытног по истории немецкой и швейцарской психиатрии. Он был один из пионеров инсулинокоматозной терапии. Еще он приютил много психиатров-евреев, которые бежали из Германии в годы фашизма. Его сын Christian тоже опубликовал ряд монографий по психопатологии шизофрении.У Вас есть это на английском?Буду благодарна,если найдете.

[Michaеl]

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[Yosich]

Я сделал ту же ошибку - Фридрих Макс Мюллер и Макс Мюллер - это 2 разных человека.